Roger Yu

Mid-Quarter Exam Orals: Key Terms

Professor Gill-Mayberry

ENG 105 8am-9:50 am

“The best writing is re-writing”

 

Mid-Quarter Exam Orals: Key Terms

• "Lingua" Latin word meaning "Language," which is one of the focus of this class.

• “All language, whether written or spoken, visual or textual, is motivated.”

• Language is defined as the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.

  • Human activity is defined as something that is caused by people.

  • Symbolic action is defined as something that represents something else. For example, when Superman changes into his everyday costume, he hides his true identity, symbolizing heros can be just an everyday person.

  • Weak and strong claims of symbolic action argument

    • Weak claim: Language is used in everyday conversation; therefore, it impacts us in unconscious ways.

    • Strong claim (holding with Bourdieu and Burke): All language is a form of argument. People use language to create identification between themselves and their audience. This model states that all language requires not just reason but also all the sensory faculties and an awareness of the rhetor’s and audience’s history and experiences. The Bourdieuian and Burkeian definition of language makes apparently simple activities- say hello to another human, chatting with friends, reading the newspaper, etc.- into scenes of argument.

• Aristotle​

  • Ethos-gaining credentials by appealing to the authority or credibility of the presenter

  • Pathos-gaining attentions using the everyday person emotions

  • Logos-gaining authority by providing logical appeal via statistics or proof

  • Informal logic

• Argument

  • The goal of an argument is to convey an idea across opinions by uncovering truths behind a question using evidence and reason.Different types of an argument includes inform, convince, explore, make decisions, or pray.

• Persuasion

  • The goal of persuasion is to change others’ point of view from their original view by giving authorized evidences and reasons.

  • Propaganda is an extreme form of persuasion. The goal of a propaganda is to change the viewer’s view without giving the opposition a chance for rebuttal.

  • Argument and persuasion difference: arguments seek the truth within the questions whereas in persuasion, the truth is considered by the person who is persuading.

• Invitational Argument

  • Instead of completely going against the argument, invitational argument aims to invite the opposer into another realm of their own in attempt to change the opposition’s mind.

• Rogerian Argument

  • Looking and compromising on a common ground between the two who are arguing usually by a way of argument or persuasion.

• Toulmin Warrant

  • Philosophical Statement that requires critical thinking and pertains to the support.

• Stasis Theory Argument of Facts

  • Method for coming up with appropriate arguments by the use of common sense.

  • Question of fact, definition, quality, or policy.

• What six key issues were put together to help in developing an argument, based on Aristotelian classic argumentative structure.

  • Data: Statistics and evidences provided for the claim.

  • Warrant: Links datas and grounds for a claim.A claim showing the ground provided by the claim is relevant

  • Ground: Gives the criteria of the argument

  • Backing: Gives extra support and evidence to the warrant by answering different questions.

  • Rebuttal: The fighting back of the claim.

  • Qualifiers: Words and phrases that hold a limits on claims given.‘most’, ‘usually’, ‘always’, or ‘sometimes’.